1 00:00:01,680 --> 00:00:09,750 >>> GOOD AFTERNOON. 2 00:00:09,750 --> 00:00:13,810 WE'RE HERE AT THE 2015 SCIENCE CONFERENCE. 3 00:00:13,810 --> 00:00:19,500 WE CALL IT FOR THE WHOLE WEEK HERE IN CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. 4 00:00:19,500 --> 00:00:21,430 THANKS FOR JOINING US TODAY. 5 00:00:21,430 --> 00:00:26,490 WE HAVE 750 SCIENTISTS FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD REGISTERED TO 6 00:00:26,490 --> 00:00:31,210 PARTICIPATE IN THE CONFERENCE HERE AT THE HEALTH OF CHICAGO. 7 00:00:31,210 --> 00:00:34,830 I AM HERE WITH THE PANEL OF FOUR OUTSTANDING SCIENTISTS. 8 00:00:34,830 --> 00:00:37,520 WE'RE WAITING FOR THE FOURTH TO ARRIVE, AND HE IS THE FIRST 9 00:00:37,520 --> 00:00:44,579 SPEAK ER, SO WE WILL HOLD ON. 10 00:00:44,579 --> 00:00:48,710 IN THE MEANTIME I WILL INTRODUCE THE PANEL OF SPEAK ERS. 11 00:00:48,710 --> 00:00:51,250 WE'RE HERE TO DISCUSS AFTER BIOLOGY RESEARCH AND 12 00:00:51,250 --> 00:00:58,100 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND BEYOND. 13 00:00:58,100 --> 00:01:05,100 WE'RE ON THE WEB AND ALSO ON NASA TV. 14 00:01:05,100 --> 00:01:09,460 OUR BRIEFING PARTICIPANTS THE FIRST SPEAKER IS JUST ARRIVING 15 00:01:09,460 --> 00:01:15,869 ON STAGE NOW, I WILL START. 16 00:01:15,869 --> 00:01:25,560 HE IS THE ADMINISTRATOR FOR THE ADMINISTRATORS IN WASHINGTON. 17 00:01:25,560 --> 00:01:29,520 HE HAS BEEN RUNNING FROM ROOM TO ROOM. 18 00:01:29,520 --> 00:01:33,220 WE'RE HAVING 12 HOURS DAYS HERE. 19 00:01:33,220 --> 00:01:38,509 HE HAS JUST COME FROM A SOCIAL MEDIA GATHERING TO JOIN US HERE 20 00:01:38,509 --> 00:01:40,659 AT THE PRESS CONFERENCE. 21 00:01:40,659 --> 00:01:45,759 HE SERVED DEPUTY DIRECTOR IN BALTIMORE AND MANAGING THE 22 00:01:45,759 --> 00:01:51,409 SCIENCE PROGRAM AND THE FOURTH COMING JAMES WEB SPACE TELL 23 00:01:51,409 --> 00:01:52,409 COPE. 24 00:01:52,409 --> 00:01:59,189 HE GRADUATE FROM THE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND A NATIVE OF 25 00:01:59,189 --> 00:02:02,580 CHICAGO, SO HE IS HERE IN HIS HOMETOWN, AND I BET THAT HE IS 26 00:02:02,580 --> 00:02:03,930 GOING TO THE CUBS GAME TONIGHT. 27 00:02:03,930 --> 00:02:05,930 YOU HAVE TO GO BACK TO WASHINGTON. 28 00:02:05,930 --> 00:02:07,640 HOW SAD. 29 00:02:07,640 --> 00:02:11,450 HE EARNED THE MAST ERS AND PH.D IN PHYSICS FROM THE UNIVERSITY 30 00:02:11,450 --> 00:02:12,790 OF CHICAGO. 31 00:02:12,790 --> 00:02:17,980 HE IS A VETERAN OF FIVE SPACE SHUTTLE FLIGHTS AND PERFORMING 32 00:02:17,980 --> 00:02:19,719 EIGHT SPACE WALKS. 33 00:02:19,719 --> 00:02:22,890 HE WAS INDUCTED INTO THE ASTRO NAUGHT HALL OF FAME THIS PAST 34 00:02:22,890 --> 00:02:25,439 MAY. 35 00:02:25,439 --> 00:02:29,489 HE IS PASSIONATE ABOUT BIOLOGY, AND THAT'S WHY HE IS HERE. 36 00:02:29,489 --> 00:02:34,290 HE IS NOT HERE IN AN OFFICIAL CAPACITY BUT BECAUSE HE IS 37 00:02:34,290 --> 00:02:37,170 PASSIONATE ABOUT THE SCIENCE. 38 00:02:37,170 --> 00:02:42,010 YESTERDAY IN THE OPENING REMARKS FOR THE CONFERENCE, HE CALLED 39 00:02:42,010 --> 00:02:47,370 ASTRO BIOLOGY A UNIFYING THEME IN SPACE SCIENCE AND CERTAINLY 40 00:02:47,370 --> 00:02:51,639 ALL OF US HERE WERE HAPPY TO HEAR THAT. 41 00:02:51,639 --> 00:02:56,419 OUR NEXT SPEAKER AND EACH OF THE SPEAKERS WILL BE TALKING BRIEFLY 42 00:02:56,419 --> 00:03:00,969 FOR FIVE MINUTES BECAUSE WE'RE ON A TIGHT SCHEDULE HERE. 43 00:03:00,969 --> 00:03:03,890 WE WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT WE HAVE TIME FOR QUESTIONS. 44 00:03:03,890 --> 00:03:09,699 OUR NEXT SPEAKER IS ALEX SIS AND SHE IS AN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR 45 00:03:09,699 --> 00:03:15,200 WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGICAL OF SCIENCE AND SHE IS 46 00:03:15,200 --> 00:03:23,409 THE PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR OF THE ROCK POWERED LIFE TEAM. 47 00:03:23,409 --> 00:03:26,859 OUR NEXT SPEAKER WILL BE BRITTNEY SMIT. 48 00:03:26,859 --> 00:03:32,819 SHE IS AN ASSISTANT DIRECTOR AT THE GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF 49 00:03:32,819 --> 00:03:34,129 TECHNOLOGY. 50 00:03:34,129 --> 00:03:37,620 SHE IS PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FOR THE SUB ICE MARINE AND 51 00:03:37,620 --> 00:03:41,689 PLANETARY KNOWN AS SIMPLE. 52 00:03:41,689 --> 00:03:46,889 I GUARANTEE YOU THAT IT'S NOT SIMPLE AND THEN ONE OF THE 53 00:03:46,889 --> 00:03:54,090 INSTRUMENTS THAT NASA JUST SELECTED FOR THE NEXT MISSION. 54 00:03:54,090 --> 00:03:58,790 OUR LAST SPEAKER WILL BE VICKIE MEADOWS AND HE IS A PROFESSOR AT 55 00:03:58,790 --> 00:04:04,829 THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON AND THE BIOLOGY INSTITUTE AND 56 00:04:04,829 --> 00:04:07,939 VIRTUAL PLANNING TERRITORY TEAM. 57 00:04:07,939 --> 00:04:10,409 OUR SPEAKERS TODAY ARE WORKING AT THE CUTTING EDGE OF THE 58 00:04:10,409 --> 00:04:13,930 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE AREA OF EXPERTISE. 59 00:04:13,930 --> 00:04:19,129 SHE IS EXPLORING THE PROCESSES THAT CAN PLAY A ROLE IN THE 60 00:04:19,129 --> 00:04:20,129 LIFE. 61 00:04:25,979 --> 00:04:21,129 DR. 62 00:04:25,979 --> 00:04:28,740 MEADOWS IS MODDING XO ENVIRONMENT AND 63 00:04:28,740 --> 00:04:35,600 WORKING ON THOUSAND SEE AND WHEN WE GET THE QUESTIONS AND 64 00:04:35,600 --> 00:04:38,669 ANSWERS, WE WILL BE TAKING QUESTIONS HERE FROM THE AUDIENCE 65 00:04:38,669 --> 00:04:42,860 AND BY E-MAIL AND MY COLLEAGUE LESLEY WILL BE FIELDING THE 66 00:04:42,860 --> 00:04:44,900 E-MAIL QUESTIONS. 67 00:04:44,900 --> 00:04:46,220 WE'RE GOING TO START WITH DR. 68 00:04:46,220 --> 00:04:52,389 GRUNSFIELD AND HE IS IN CHARGE OF ALL OF SPACE SCIENCE. 69 00:04:52,389 --> 00:04:58,000 AS HE HAS TOLD US ALL THAT THE SCIENCES ARE BEING UNIFIED BY 70 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:01,900 THE THEME AND SEARCH FOR EVIDENCE OF LIFE IN THE 71 00:05:01,900 --> 00:05:03,639 UNIVERSE. 72 00:05:03,639 --> 00:05:05,389 >> OKAY. 73 00:05:05,389 --> 00:05:14,819 I DON'T WANT TO TAKE TOO MUCH TIME BEFORE WE GO TO THE 74 00:05:14,819 --> 00:05:17,660 SPEAKERS, BUT I WANT TO TELL YOU ABOUT THE PERSPECTIVE OVERALL 75 00:05:17,660 --> 00:05:20,400 FOR THE NASA SCIENCE AND NASA IN GENERAL. 76 00:05:20,400 --> 00:05:26,159 THE MISSION IS TO INNOVATE, EXPLORE, DISCOVER AND INSPIRE. 77 00:05:26,159 --> 00:05:30,479 IN PARTICULAR WE'RE ALL HERE BECAUSE IT FITS THAT TO A T. 78 00:05:30,479 --> 00:05:35,370 WE INNOVATE BECAUSE LIFE OUTSIDE OF EARTH IS PROBABLY GOING TO BE 79 00:05:35,370 --> 00:05:36,819 REALLY HARD TO FIND. 80 00:05:36,819 --> 00:05:40,590 WE CAN NOT AGREE ON WHAT A DEFINITION OF LIFE DETECTION IS, 81 00:05:40,590 --> 00:05:44,340 AND THERE ARE MANY SESSIONS ON TRYING TO FIGURE THAT OUT. 82 00:05:44,340 --> 00:05:47,349 WHEN WE INNOVATE, WE DEVELOP NEW TECHNOLOGY AND APPLY THAT NEW 83 00:05:47,349 --> 00:05:49,950 TECHNOLOGY TO EXPLORATION. 84 00:05:49,950 --> 00:05:53,469 THAT'S WHAT THEY DO BEST TO EXPLORE THE COSMOS. 85 00:05:53,469 --> 00:05:55,449 WHEN WE EXPLORE, WE DISCOVER THINGS. 86 00:05:55,449 --> 00:06:02,210 I BELIEVE THAT THEY HAVE A PARTICULAR EXPRESSION OF A GENE 87 00:06:02,210 --> 00:06:05,749 THAT DRIVES THEM TO EXPLORE, BECAUSE WHEN WE EXPLORE, WE 88 00:06:05,749 --> 00:06:11,229 DISCOVER THINGS AND THAT WONDERFUL ACT OF DISCOVERING NEW 89 00:06:11,229 --> 00:06:17,479 THINGS OR DISCOVERING THINGS THAT WE CONFORM AND IS ONE OF 90 00:06:17,479 --> 00:06:20,800 THE SOURCES THAT HAVE ALLOWED HUMANS TO E VOLUME AND HAVE THE 91 00:06:20,800 --> 00:06:26,230 COMPLEXITY THAT WE HAVE AND THE SEARCH FOR LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE 92 00:06:26,230 --> 00:06:29,800 AND SEARCH FOR INTELLIGENT LIFE ON EARTH. 93 00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:32,139 THAT'S A JOKE. 94 00:06:32,139 --> 00:06:38,419 THAT'S SOMETHING THAT INSPIRES NOT JUST STUDENTS BUT EVERYONE. 95 00:06:38,419 --> 00:06:40,969 WE'RE TRYING WITH THE SCIENCE TO ANSWER THE FUNDAMENTAL 96 00:06:40,969 --> 00:06:41,969 QUESTIONS. 97 00:06:41,969 --> 00:06:43,379 WHERE DID WE COME FROM? 98 00:06:43,379 --> 00:06:48,939 WHAT'S THE ORIGIN THAT WE'RE MADE OF AND THE OXYGEN THAT WE 99 00:06:48,939 --> 00:06:52,340 BREATHE AND THE IRON IN THE BLOOD. 100 00:06:52,340 --> 00:06:56,010 IT'S ALL COMING FROM WITHIN SIDE. 101 00:06:56,010 --> 00:06:59,580 WHAT'S THE EVOLUTION AND THE PATH THAT THE EARTH WAS FORMED 102 00:06:59,580 --> 00:07:05,810 AND THE CHEMICAL WITH THE SEED OF THE EARLY EERT AND ALLOWING 103 00:07:05,810 --> 00:07:06,849 IT TO FORM. 104 00:07:06,849 --> 00:07:09,900 WHERE IS IT GOING AND THE FUTURE HISTORY. 105 00:07:09,900 --> 00:07:14,129 WE'RE YOUNG FOR A HALF BILLION YEARS OLD. 106 00:07:14,129 --> 00:07:17,789 THERE ARE MUCH OLDER SOLAR SYSTEMS OUT THERE. 107 00:07:17,789 --> 00:07:19,289 WHERE ARE WE GOING. 108 00:07:19,289 --> 00:07:24,759 WHAT'S THE FUTURE OF THE EARTH AND THE ROLE OF THE FUTURE? 109 00:07:24,759 --> 00:07:28,690 LIFE IS ALWAYS CHANGE THE EARTH FROM WHEN IT STARTED. 110 00:07:28,690 --> 00:07:31,430 CHANGE THE GEOLOGY AND THE COURSE. 111 00:07:31,430 --> 00:07:34,510 IT'S CHANGE WHAT WE LOOK LIKE FROM A GREAT DISTANCE. 112 00:07:34,510 --> 00:07:39,770 IF THERE'S LIFE OUT THERE AND LOOKING AT EARTH, THEY WILL KNOW 113 00:07:39,770 --> 00:07:41,419 THAT WE'RE HERE. 114 00:07:41,419 --> 00:07:45,789 WE PUT THE SIGNATURES IN AND GUARANTEE THAT SOMEONE WITH A 115 00:07:45,789 --> 00:07:52,879 LARGE TELESCOPE COULD DETECT THEM, AND ARE WE ALONE. 116 00:07:52,879 --> 00:07:56,500 IS THERE ANY OTHER LIFE OUT THERE. 117 00:07:56,500 --> 00:07:59,919 NOW, THE FACT THAT WE'RE SKMEER THE LIFE IS SO COMPLEX AND WE 118 00:07:59,919 --> 00:08:07,680 SEE THE LIFE AND DEEP INSIDE OF THE ROCKS THAT CAN SURVIVE OR 119 00:08:07,680 --> 00:08:11,820 OTHER EXTREME AND IT'S CONVINCING THAT VERY HIGH 120 00:08:11,820 --> 00:08:14,729 PROBABILITY THAT THERE'S A HIGH, AND NASA IS LOOKING FOR THAT. 121 00:08:14,729 --> 00:08:20,380 WE ARE LOOKING FOR IT ON MARS AND THEN EVIDENCE FOR LIFE IN 122 00:08:20,380 --> 00:08:22,360 THE SUB SURFACE OCEAN. 123 00:08:22,360 --> 00:08:25,440 THAT'S PART OF THE PORTFOLIO. 124 00:08:25,440 --> 00:08:28,300 ALL OF THOSE THINGS AND THE EARTH SCIENCE AND THE IMPACT OF 125 00:08:28,300 --> 00:08:33,390 THE SUN AND OTHER SUNS ON THEIR PLANETS. 126 00:08:33,390 --> 00:08:36,690 PLANETARY SCIENCE AND THEN ASTRO PHYSICS AND THAT'S THE 127 00:08:36,690 --> 00:08:40,169 INVESTIGATION AND ALL OF THOSE ARE REALLY ANSWERING THE BIG 128 00:08:40,169 --> 00:08:41,169 QUESTIONS. 129 00:08:41,169 --> 00:08:44,839 FOR ME IT'S ONE OF THE ARE WE ALONE IS THE DRIVING QUESTION. 130 00:08:44,839 --> 00:08:48,760 WITH THAT, I WILL HAND IT OVER TO THE NEXT SPEAKER. 131 00:08:48,760 --> 00:08:51,459 >> THANK YOU DR. 132 00:08:51,459 --> 00:08:53,940 RUMSFELD. 133 00:08:53,940 --> 00:08:56,440 IT'S A GREAT INTRODUCTION TO THE PANEL DISCUSSION. 134 00:08:56,440 --> 00:08:58,610 WE WILL TURNOVER THE MIC TO DR. 135 00:08:58,610 --> 00:09:00,079 TEMPLETON AT THIS POINT. 136 00:09:00,079 --> 00:09:01,560 >> THANK YOU. 137 00:09:01,560 --> 00:09:05,240 I AM THRILLED TO BE HERE AND THRILLED TO BE HERE IN THE 138 00:09:05,240 --> 00:09:09,850 SESSION TODAY AS WELL BECAUSE THIS IS A WONDERFUL OPPORTUNITY 139 00:09:09,850 --> 00:09:12,820 FOR DISCUSSING THE CHANGES AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE HABIT 140 00:09:12,820 --> 00:09:17,750 ENVIRONMENTS THAT EXISTS AND HOW THAT INFORMS FOR THE SEARCH AND 141 00:09:17,750 --> 00:09:20,540 THE ENVIRONMENTS ELSEWHERE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND BEYOND. 142 00:09:20,540 --> 00:09:25,120 THAT'S SOME OF THE THEMES AND THE DISCUSSIONS FOR TODAY. 143 00:09:25,120 --> 00:09:30,000 I AM PART OF A NEW TEAM OF NASA AND A TEAM THAT'S CALLED ROCK 144 00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:31,640 POWERED LIFE. 145 00:09:31,640 --> 00:09:35,779 IT'S A FIVE YEAR PROJECT AND WE'RE PART OF A LARGE COMMUNITY 146 00:09:35,779 --> 00:09:41,510 AND IT'S INTERESTED IN THE CAPABILITY OF THE ROCKS WITHIN 147 00:09:41,510 --> 00:09:46,030 THEM TO POWER THE BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. 148 00:09:46,030 --> 00:09:49,290 ESSENTIALLY THERE'S A FUNDAMENTAL UNDER STANDING THAT 149 00:09:49,290 --> 00:09:56,279 ROCKS HAVE THE ABILITY TO RELEASE THE ELECTRONS OR THE 150 00:09:56,279 --> 00:10:02,340 COMPONENTS THAT CAN FUEL AND EMPOWER LIKE THE FULL CELLS DO 151 00:10:02,340 --> 00:10:05,810 AND ONE OF THE BIG QUESTIONS AT THE MOMENT IS HOW WE CAN COUPLE 152 00:10:05,810 --> 00:10:10,649 WITH ENERGY THAT'S STORED WITHIN THE ROCKS TO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. 153 00:10:10,649 --> 00:10:13,560 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE KNOW IS THAT OFTEN TO RELEASE THAT 154 00:10:13,560 --> 00:10:16,730 ENERGY THAT'S STORED WITHIN THE ROCKS, IT REQUIRES A REACTION OR 155 00:10:16,730 --> 00:10:18,300 A CONTACT WITH WATER. 156 00:10:18,300 --> 00:10:21,820 ANOTHER INGREDIENT THAT WE CONSIDER TO BE ESSENTIAL FOR 157 00:10:21,820 --> 00:10:22,820 LIFE. 158 00:10:22,820 --> 00:10:25,980 THERE'S A BROAD INTEREST OF UNDERSTANDING WITHIN THE 159 00:10:25,980 --> 00:10:30,070 LOCATION WHEN WATER AND ROCKS COME INTO REACTION OR CONTACT 160 00:10:30,070 --> 00:10:33,320 WITH EACH OTHER AND THE FACT THAT THE CONTROL OF THE TRANSFER 161 00:10:33,320 --> 00:10:36,730 OF THAT ENERGY AND DIFFERENT CAR YOURS THAT CAN POWER THE 162 00:10:36,730 --> 00:10:38,190 BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM. 163 00:10:38,190 --> 00:10:43,540 THE GREAT EXAMPLE THAT'S TO MANY IS THE MOLL CULL. 164 00:10:43,540 --> 00:10:46,149 IT'S SOMETHING THAT CAN BE PRODUCED WITH THE REACTION OF 165 00:10:46,149 --> 00:10:48,920 ROCKS AND WATER AND CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER. 166 00:10:48,920 --> 00:10:54,070 WE USE THEM IN BUILDING BATTERIES AND IN PARTICULAR 167 00:10:54,070 --> 00:10:58,910 REKNOW MANY TYPES THAT CAN USE A MOLECULE LIKE ANY KIND OF 168 00:10:58,910 --> 00:11:04,850 CARRIER AND CAN DRIVE THE ACTIVITIES. 169 00:11:04,850 --> 00:11:06,660 ONE OF THE INTERESTING THING SOCIAL SECURITY THAT IN THE 170 00:11:06,660 --> 00:11:09,940 GEOLOGICAL STUDIES THAT HAVE OCCURRED TODAY MOST OF THEM HAVE 171 00:11:09,940 --> 00:11:17,760 LOOKED FOR LIFE FORMS IN AREAS THAT ARE ACTIVE. 172 00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:20,720 WE'RE VERY GOOD AT TRYING TO LOOK AT ENVIRONMENTS THAT ARE 173 00:11:20,720 --> 00:11:24,550 QUIETER AND COLD ER THROUGHOUT THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND UNDERSTAND 174 00:11:24,550 --> 00:11:27,970 WHETHER THOSE ARE OCCURRING AT MEASURABLE RATES THERE AND 175 00:11:27,970 --> 00:11:31,589 WHETHER OR NOT THEY MAY SUSTAIN OR SUPPORT THE BIOLOGICAL 176 00:11:31,589 --> 00:11:32,589 ACTIVITY. 177 00:11:32,589 --> 00:11:34,970 I WANT TO GIVE EXAMPLES TODAY OF THE RESEARCHING THAT'S BEING 178 00:11:34,970 --> 00:11:38,779 HIGHLIGHTED AND MANY PAPERS THAT ARE COMING OUT IN THE LITERATURE 179 00:11:38,779 --> 00:11:40,230 AT THE MOMENT. 180 00:11:40,230 --> 00:11:42,260 I WILL PUT UP A FIRST SLIDE. 181 00:11:42,260 --> 00:11:44,020 THAT'S NOT A FIRST SLIDE. 182 00:11:44,020 --> 00:11:45,020 SORRY. 183 00:11:45,020 --> 00:11:46,620 LET ME GO BACK. 184 00:11:46,620 --> 00:11:52,300 SO THE PICTURE THAT I HAVE BEHIND ME AT THE MOMENT IS WHEN 185 00:11:52,300 --> 00:11:55,550 THAT I TOOK MYSELF IN JANUARY OF THIS YEAR. 186 00:11:55,550 --> 00:11:58,649 I AND OTHER MEMBERS OF THE TEAM THAT I AM WORKING WITH HAVE BEEN 187 00:11:58,649 --> 00:12:01,980 TRAVELING SO THESE ARE FROM THE DESSERT. 188 00:12:01,980 --> 00:12:04,940 WHAT YOU'RE LOOKING AT HERE ARE ROCKS THAT COME FROM THE MANTLE 189 00:12:04,940 --> 00:12:09,110 OF THE EARTH, SO THEY'RE STORED UNDER THE SURFACE OF THE PLANET, 190 00:12:09,110 --> 00:12:13,860 BUT THERE ARE PLACES THAT THEY'RE STORED ON THE SURFACE. 191 00:12:13,860 --> 00:12:16,850 MANY AREAS ON THE MODERN EARTH THAT HAVE SMALL EXPOSURES OF THE 192 00:12:16,850 --> 00:12:17,920 ROCK. 193 00:12:17,920 --> 00:12:20,829 I WANT TO HIGHLIGHT THIS ONE BECAUSE IF YOU LOOK IN THE 194 00:12:20,829 --> 00:12:29,529 PICTURE, THIS IS A DRY BARING LANDSCAPE AND WE'RE IN THE 195 00:12:29,529 --> 00:12:30,779 DESERT. 196 00:12:30,779 --> 00:12:34,819 HOWEVER, THERE ARE SMALL AMOUNTS OF WATER THAT DO COME INTO THE 197 00:12:34,819 --> 00:12:39,089 CONTACT OF THE ROCKS AND INFILTRATE THEM AND IS STORED 198 00:12:39,089 --> 00:12:41,160 OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME. 199 00:12:41,160 --> 00:12:44,470 IT'S THE CONTINUED REACTION OF THAT WATER WITH THOSE ROCKS THAT 200 00:12:44,470 --> 00:12:47,569 CHANGES THE WATER CHEMISTRY PROGRESSIVELY. 201 00:12:47,569 --> 00:12:50,760 WE WOULD HAVE NO INDICATION OF THAT IF IT DID NOT GET RELEASED 202 00:12:50,760 --> 00:12:55,540 UP TO THE SURFACE, SO IN THE LOWER PICTURE THAT'S PRESENT 203 00:12:55,540 --> 00:12:59,290 HERE IS AN IMAGE OF A SMALL SPRING WHERE WATER IS RELEASED 204 00:12:59,290 --> 00:13:02,790 BACK TO THE SURFACE AFTER A LONG PERIOD OF BEING STORED. 205 00:13:02,790 --> 00:13:08,389 IT'S CHANGED IN THE CHEMICAL CARE AND YOU CAN COME AND FIND 206 00:13:08,389 --> 00:13:14,740 THE HYDROGEN AND THE ENERGY CARRIERS THAT WE'RE INTERESTED 207 00:13:14,740 --> 00:13:15,740 IN. 208 00:13:15,740 --> 00:13:19,019 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT'S NOTE IN THE SYSTEMS STUDIES LIKE THIS 209 00:13:19,019 --> 00:13:23,740 ACROSS THE WORLD AND THEN IN CALIFORNIA, CANADA AND ALL OF 210 00:13:23,740 --> 00:13:26,810 THE EXAMPLES ARE ON THE SEA FLOOR, AND THAT THERE ARE WATERS 211 00:13:26,810 --> 00:13:33,269 THAT ARE ON THE PL SCALE OF ZERO TO 14, THEY'RE UP NEAR THE FAR 212 00:13:33,269 --> 00:13:34,690 END OF 12. 213 00:13:34,690 --> 00:13:37,259 IT'S A RARE TYPE OF WATER TO FIND. 214 00:13:37,259 --> 00:13:42,319 IT'S A CHEMICAL REACTION THAT OCCURRED WITHIN IT. 215 00:13:42,319 --> 00:13:46,170 THERE HAVE BEEN MANY QUESTIONS ABOUT WHETHER OR NOT LIFE WOULD 216 00:13:46,170 --> 00:13:48,750 PERSIST IN WATER IN THE EXTREME CONDITIONS. 217 00:13:48,750 --> 00:13:52,529 VERY CHALLENGING FOR THE LIFE TO EXIST. 218 00:13:52,529 --> 00:13:56,209 WORK THAT'S BEING HIGHLIGHTED IN SEVERAL SESSIONS THAT ARE HERE 219 00:13:56,209 --> 00:14:00,870 AND THAT HAVE STARTED THIS WEEK REFER TO THE ABILITY TO DETECT 220 00:14:00,870 --> 00:14:08,290 THE ACTIVITY IN THE WATER AND SUSTAINED BY THEM AND THE DNA 221 00:14:08,290 --> 00:14:11,500 HAS BEEN EX TRACTED AND WE'RE STARTING TO UNDERSTAND MORE 222 00:14:11,500 --> 00:14:15,759 ABOUT WHO THE ORGANIZATIONS ARE, BUT IN PARTICULAR WE'RE ABLE TO 223 00:14:15,759 --> 00:14:23,060 I WOULD SAY WORK THAT'S PUBLISHED ARE GROWING AND 224 00:14:23,060 --> 00:14:29,060 STUDYING THE BIOLOGY THAT ARE ADAPTED FOR THE HIGH PH. 225 00:14:29,060 --> 00:14:32,120 IT'S NOT ONLY THAT THEY CAN TOLERATE THEM AND THEY'RE 226 00:14:32,120 --> 00:14:36,440 ACTUALLY OPTIMIZING THEM WITH 11 OR 12. 227 00:14:36,440 --> 00:14:40,120 THIS IS EXCITING AND STARTING IMAGINE THAT THERE'S A LIFE FORM 228 00:14:40,120 --> 00:14:44,329 THAT MAYBE ADAPTED IN THE SURFACE ENVIRONMENT TO BEING 229 00:14:44,329 --> 00:14:48,170 SUSTAINED BY THE REACTION BETWEEN THE ROCKS AND WATER. 230 00:14:48,170 --> 00:14:52,620 SO I WILL JUST JUMP AGAIN INTO ANOTHER IMAGE HERE AND THAT'S 231 00:14:52,620 --> 00:14:55,509 FROM THE PROPORTION LABORATORY. 232 00:14:55,509 --> 00:15:01,600 WHAT YOU HAVE IN THE PICTURE HERE IS A CARTOON AND ONE OF THE 233 00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:15,209 THINGS AND LOOKING AT THE CON SEPTEMBER OF THE ROCKY TOUR. 234 00:15:15,209 --> 00:15:18,040 AND ONE OF THE NOTICEABLE THINGS FROM THE MISSIONS AND THE 235 00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:22,270 DETECTION OF THE PARTICLES THAT ARE EJECT FROM THE SOUTH POLE, 236 00:15:22,270 --> 00:15:27,529 AND THERE'S BEEN A LOT OF EXCITEMENT AND THEY REPRESENT 237 00:15:27,529 --> 00:15:32,350 LIQUID WATER THAT'S STORED AND TO RELATE IT TO WHAT I HAVE BEEN 238 00:15:32,350 --> 00:15:36,970 TALKING ABOUT, YOU CAN SEE THAT THE CONTACT OF THE WATER WITH 239 00:15:36,970 --> 00:15:41,370 THE RUSTIC CORE. 240 00:15:41,370 --> 00:15:43,410 THE EXISTING PAPERS ARE SUGGESTING THAT IT'S A SALTY 241 00:15:43,410 --> 00:15:48,310 WATER THAT WE JUST PICKED THEM UP WITH THE REACTIONS AND THE 242 00:15:48,310 --> 00:15:49,310 ROCKS. 243 00:15:49,310 --> 00:15:55,399 THE RESENT PAPER THAT'S COME OUT OF THE INSTITUTION IS THE 244 00:15:55,399 --> 00:16:00,810 CHEMICAL MODDING AND HE HAS GONE AND SHOWN THAT THE PH OF THE 245 00:16:00,810 --> 00:16:04,639 WATER IS AGAIN IN THE HIP ER TYPES OF CONDITIONS AND WOULD 246 00:16:04,639 --> 00:16:09,300 INDICATE THAT THERE'S COMMUNICATION AND REACTION WITH 247 00:16:09,300 --> 00:16:12,931 THE WATERS AND THE ROCKS AND THE INTERIOR. 248 00:16:12,931 --> 00:16:15,579 NOW WE'RE GIVING RISE TO A CONDITION THAT WE'RE STUDYING IN 249 00:16:15,579 --> 00:16:19,629 THE SUB SURFACE OF THE EARTH AND THAT COULD BE HAPPEN BITABLE. 250 00:16:19,629 --> 00:16:24,350 THIS IS A DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. 251 00:16:24,350 --> 00:16:30,680 WHEN YOU CAN FIND THE FLUIDS THAT ARE BEING STORED. 252 00:16:30,680 --> 00:16:33,410 SO WITH THAT, I WOULD LIKE TO TRANSITION TO BRITTNEY, AND SHE 253 00:16:33,410 --> 00:16:36,760 WILL TALK ABOUT THE MISSIONS PLANNED. 254 00:16:36,760 --> 00:16:37,879 >> THANK YOU. 255 00:16:37,879 --> 00:16:39,959 NOW TO DR. 256 00:16:39,959 --> 00:16:40,959 SMIT. 257 00:16:40,959 --> 00:16:41,959 DR. 258 00:16:41,959 --> 00:16:44,489 SMIT HAS BEEN STUDYING HABIT. 259 00:16:44,489 --> 00:16:51,389 >> THANKS VERY MUCH. 260 00:16:51,389 --> 00:16:52,389 IT'S A PLEASURE TO BE HERE. 261 00:16:52,389 --> 00:16:55,850 I WANT TO TALK ABOUT RESEARCH AND THE ISIS WORLD. 262 00:16:55,850 --> 00:17:00,970 ALEX SIS WAS TALKING ABOUT THE EARTH AND WE THINK OF MARS IN 263 00:17:00,970 --> 00:17:02,329 THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 264 00:17:02,329 --> 00:17:07,650 THERE'S A WHOLE HOST THAT POTENTIALLY HARBOR AND THESE ARE 265 00:17:07,650 --> 00:17:10,540 GREAT PLACES TO THINK ABOUT. 266 00:17:10,540 --> 00:17:16,350 I AM SHOWING TWO EXAMPLES OF EXCITING SCIENCE THAT NASA IS 267 00:17:16,350 --> 00:17:19,910 DOING RIGHT NOW AND THAT THEY PLAN TO DO IN THE FUTURE THAT'S 268 00:17:19,910 --> 00:17:20,910 RELEVANT. 269 00:17:20,910 --> 00:17:26,840 SO IF WE LOOK AT THE TWO IMAGES BEHIND ME, WE'RE LOOKING AND 270 00:17:26,840 --> 00:17:33,580 IT'S OR BITTING OR THE INNER MOST PLANET AND A PLACE CALLED 271 00:17:33,580 --> 00:17:36,900 SERIES THAT YOU MAY NOT HAVE HEARD ABOUT. 272 00:17:36,900 --> 00:17:42,970 IT'S ROUGHLY THE SIZE OF TEXAS AND SPER CAL UNLIKE THE OTHERS 273 00:17:42,970 --> 00:17:44,160 THAT YOU MAY THINK ABOUT. 274 00:17:44,160 --> 00:17:49,030 IT'S INTERESTING AND IT'S SHAPE AND THE LOW DENSITY IS INDICATED 275 00:17:49,030 --> 00:17:52,640 AND THERE'S ICE AND WATER BELOW THE SURFACE. 276 00:17:52,640 --> 00:17:57,560 THESE ARE NEW IMAGES FROM DAWN AND SUGGEST THAT PERHAPS IT 277 00:17:57,560 --> 00:18:02,690 MAYBE ICE AND ICE RICH AND MAYBE SALT IS BEING ERUPTED OR MAKING 278 00:18:02,690 --> 00:18:05,060 IT UP AND SHOWING THE PRESENCE ON THE SURFACE. 279 00:18:05,060 --> 00:18:10,250 THIS IS THE KIND OF SYNERGY FROM THE OLDER MISSIONS LIKE THE 280 00:18:10,250 --> 00:18:13,201 TELESCOPE THAT TOLD US THE PLACES WERE INTERESTING AND WE 281 00:18:13,201 --> 00:18:16,410 COULD USE THE SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE PLACES TO 282 00:18:16,410 --> 00:18:19,310 PREPARE A MISSION LIKE DAWN TO GO OUT THERE AND DO THAT 283 00:18:19,310 --> 00:18:26,870 EXPLORATION SO IT'S AN INDUSTRY OF WORK TO TRY TO EXPLORE A NEW 284 00:18:26,870 --> 00:18:29,640 PLACE THAT WE HAVE NEVER REALLY THOUGHT ABOUT BEFORE. 285 00:18:29,640 --> 00:18:33,060 SO IT'S VERY EXCITING AND THAT'S WHAT WE'RE DOING RIGHT NOW TO 286 00:18:33,060 --> 00:18:35,370 HIGHLIGHT THE BODY. 287 00:18:35,370 --> 00:18:48,430 SERIES IS JUST BETWEEN MARS AND JUPITOR, SO IT'S CLOSER TO US. 288 00:18:48,430 --> 00:19:00,870 THE IMAGE THAT I AM SHOWING HAS BEEN STUDIED AND WILL BE 289 00:19:00,870 --> 00:19:05,730 SELECTED BY NASA TO LAUNCH IN 2022. 290 00:19:05,730 --> 00:19:11,210 CALLED THE FLY BY MISSION AND THAT'S GOING GO BACK. 291 00:19:11,210 --> 00:19:15,720 LIKE I SAID ONE OF THE MOONS AND SEARCH FOR ACTIVITY IN THE ICE 292 00:19:15,720 --> 00:19:18,120 SHELL AND SEARCH FOR THE INDICATION OF A SUB SURFACE 293 00:19:18,120 --> 00:19:22,850 OCEAN THAT WE KNOW OR THINK ATHAT WE KNOW IS THERE AND THEN 294 00:19:22,850 --> 00:19:26,610 TRY TO UNDERSTAND HOW THIS GEOLOGICAL ACTIVE YOUNG SURFACE 295 00:19:26,610 --> 00:19:32,891 IS FORMED FROM THE ICE SHELL AND THE OCEAN AND PERHAPS AN ACTIVE 296 00:19:32,891 --> 00:19:34,290 INTERIOR BELOW. 297 00:19:34,290 --> 00:19:39,850 AS WE WERE HIGHLIGHTING SUB SURFACE PROCESSES IN 298 00:19:39,850 --> 00:19:46,690 HYDROTHERMAL REACTION WITH THE INTERIORS AND LIKE ROCKS MAYBE 299 00:19:46,690 --> 00:19:50,550 ENOUGH ENERGY TO POWER BIOLOGY. 300 00:19:50,550 --> 00:19:59,000 I AM SHOWING ANOTHER GRAPHIC OF OTHER PLACES. 301 00:19:59,000 --> 00:20:04,120 THE OCEAN THAT MAYBE CIRCULATING ENERGY BETWEEN THE REDUCING AND 302 00:20:04,120 --> 00:20:07,330 THE OXIDIZING SURFACE, SO REALLY EXCITING PLACE. 303 00:20:07,330 --> 00:20:10,960 SO WE'RE EXCITING TO BE GOING BACK TO THERE. 304 00:20:10,960 --> 00:20:14,720 PERSONALLY I AM THRILLED TO BE APART OF THE TEAM AND HELPED ON 305 00:20:14,720 --> 00:20:15,720 THE STUDIES FOR A WHILE. 306 00:20:15,720 --> 00:20:19,650 TUS JUST BEEN A LARGE GROUP OF PEOPLE FOR THE LAST 20 YEARS TO 307 00:20:19,650 --> 00:20:21,610 GET IT GOING. 308 00:20:21,610 --> 00:20:26,860 I AM ON THE RADAR TEAM AND THE INSTRUMENTS CALLED REGION. 309 00:20:26,860 --> 00:20:32,830 THAT'S LEAD BY DAWN BLACKEN SHIP AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS. 310 00:20:32,830 --> 00:20:40,280 WE MAYBE ABLE TO BY USING ICE BE ABLE TO IMAGE THE PROCESSES FOR 311 00:20:40,280 --> 00:20:43,740 THE FIRST TIME IN THE SUB SURFACE WITHIN THE ICE SHELL, 312 00:20:43,740 --> 00:20:46,251 AND FINALLY ANSWERING THE QUESTION IS WHERE IS THE WATER, 313 00:20:46,251 --> 00:20:48,310 AND WHERE DO WE LAND? 314 00:20:48,310 --> 00:20:52,020 MOVING FORWARD I WANT TO MOVE TO THE NEXT SLIDE AND SHOW YOU WHAT 315 00:20:52,020 --> 00:20:54,980 WE'RE DO NOTHING THE MEANTIME AS WE WAIT FOR THIS MISSION TO GET 316 00:20:54,980 --> 00:20:55,980 OFF THE GROUND. 317 00:20:55,980 --> 00:21:01,020 IT TURNS OUT THAT THEY MAY SEEM ALIEN TO YOU AND I AND IF WE GO, 318 00:21:01,020 --> 00:21:02,460 IT DOES NOT SEEM SO FARFETCHED. 319 00:21:02,460 --> 00:21:08,090 I AM SHOWING YOU A FUNDED PROGRAM BY THE SCIENCE AND 320 00:21:08,090 --> 00:21:10,540 TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM. 321 00:21:10,540 --> 00:21:11,790 IT'S CALLED SIMPLE. 322 00:21:11,790 --> 00:21:13,000 IT'S AN ARON I CAN NAME. 323 00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:15,390 IT'S FAR FROM SIMPLE. 324 00:21:15,390 --> 00:21:21,330 I AM VERY VERY PLEASED TO BE THE LEAD AND WORKING WITH A GREAT 325 00:21:21,330 --> 00:21:24,210 TEAM OF THE INDIVIDUALS FROM THE INSTITUTIONS THAT ARE 326 00:21:24,210 --> 00:21:26,230 HIGHLIGHTED ON THE SLIDE. 327 00:21:26,230 --> 00:21:29,430 ONE OF THE COOL THINGS ABOUT THIS IS THAT AS DR. 328 00:21:29,430 --> 00:21:35,820 RUMSFELD MENTIONED IS TO LOOK AT THE 329 00:21:35,820 --> 00:21:38,520 SCIENCE AND THIS PROGRAM DOES THAT. 330 00:21:38,520 --> 00:21:45,150 WE LOOK AT A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT VEHICLES AND REMOTE THINGS 331 00:21:45,150 --> 00:21:49,050 SENSING THE PLATFORM IN ORDER TO STUDY OUR OCEAN THE SAME WAY 332 00:21:49,050 --> 00:21:53,050 THAT WE WANT TO STUDY IT. 333 00:21:53,050 --> 00:21:58,340 IN THE UPPER IMAGES I AM SHOWING FROM THIS PAST FIELD SEASON AND 334 00:21:58,340 --> 00:22:04,620 WE WORK AT THE ICE SHELLS AND NSF IS GLADLY HOSTING US IN 335 00:22:04,620 --> 00:22:09,300 THEIR MAIN STATION, AND IN THE ICE SHELLS THESE ARE IMAGES OF 336 00:22:09,300 --> 00:22:13,530 THE VEHICLE THAT WE BUILT AT GEORGIA TECH AND BEING DEPLOYED 337 00:22:13,530 --> 00:22:17,070 ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE SCREEN AND THAT'S THE VEHICLE ABOUT TO 338 00:22:17,070 --> 00:22:21,810 BE DEPLOYED THROUGH THE ICE SHELLS, SO TENS OF LITERS OF ICE 339 00:22:21,810 --> 00:22:23,380 TO EXPLORE THE LOW. 340 00:22:23,380 --> 00:22:29,150 ON THE LEFT HAND SIDE YOU'RE SEEING IT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE 341 00:22:29,150 --> 00:22:30,640 OF IT DOING THE WORK. 342 00:22:30,640 --> 00:22:35,160 JUST BELOW THAT THERE'S A SMALL DIAGRAM AND THAT'S AN INSTRUMENT 343 00:22:35,160 --> 00:22:38,620 THAT WAS FUNDED UNDER THE SIMPLE PROJECT AND JUST THIS YEAR I 344 00:22:38,620 --> 00:22:44,870 WENT OUT WITH NASA OR A WIZARD PROGRAM AND WAS THE FIRST TO SEE 345 00:22:44,870 --> 00:22:53,240 SMALL FISH SWIMMING OUT AT 200 OR 300 KM OF THE OCEAN. 346 00:22:53,240 --> 00:22:56,880 SOME OF THOSE WORKED†-- SOME OF THAT IS THE TYPE OF SCIENCE THAT 347 00:22:56,880 --> 00:22:59,550 WE WOULD LIKE TO BE ABLE TO DO ONE DAY. 348 00:22:59,550 --> 00:23:03,710 AT THE VERY BOTTOM OF THE SLIDE, I AM SHOWING AN IMAGE AND THAT'S 349 00:23:03,710 --> 00:23:07,910 A LARGE ONE THAT WE'RE GOING TO BE DEPLOYING THIS FIELD SEASON, 350 00:23:07,910 --> 00:23:11,410 SO BEGINNING IN AUGUST AND ALSO AT THE STATION AND WE'RE GOING 351 00:23:11,410 --> 00:23:15,050 TO DO A LONG RANGE. 352 00:23:15,050 --> 00:23:18,510 THIS IS A REALLY LONG TERM PROJECT AND A NUMBER OF 353 00:23:18,510 --> 00:23:19,880 INSTITUTIONS. 354 00:23:19,880 --> 00:23:25,160 I WANTED TO HIGHLIGHT THE REASON THAT WE'RE DOING THIS IS TO HELP 355 00:23:25,160 --> 00:23:27,580 REASON OUT THE INSTRUMENT THAT I HELPED. 356 00:23:27,580 --> 00:23:33,410 THERE'S A PICTURE OF A PLAN IN HERE AND THERE'S A CONVERTED 357 00:23:33,410 --> 00:23:38,520 AIRCRAFT AND FLOWN BY THE WRUN UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS. 358 00:23:38,520 --> 00:23:49,710 THIS IS THE ICE SHELLS OF THE AN ANTARCTIC. 359 00:23:49,710 --> 00:23:53,050 SO TAKING YOU TO AN EXOTIC PLACE, AND I THINK THAT WE'RE 360 00:23:53,050 --> 00:23:54,580 GOING TO GO FURTHER OUT. 361 00:23:54,580 --> 00:23:56,620 I WANT TO TURN IT OVER TO DR. 362 00:23:56,620 --> 00:23:57,620 MEADOW. 363 00:23:57,620 --> 00:23:58,620 >> THANK YOU DR. 364 00:23:58,620 --> 00:23:59,620 SMIT. 365 00:23:59,620 --> 00:24:00,620 VERY INTERESTING. 366 00:24:00,620 --> 00:24:04,860 NOW WE GO BEYOND THE SOLAR SYSTEM WITH DR. 367 00:24:04,860 --> 00:24:06,380 MEADOW. 368 00:24:06,380 --> 00:24:07,900 >> OKAY. 369 00:24:07,900 --> 00:24:10,180 I AM GOING TALK ABOUT STUDYING ANOTHER PLANET IN THE SOLAR 370 00:24:10,180 --> 00:24:13,710 SYSTEM AND ONE THAT'S FAMILIAR TO US AND THE EARTH AND HOW 371 00:24:13,710 --> 00:24:16,510 WE'RE USING THE STUDIES TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND WHAT WE SHOULD 372 00:24:16,510 --> 00:24:21,650 LOOK FOR WHEN WE LOOK AT THE PLAN NETS AND SEE IF WE CAN HAVE 373 00:24:21,650 --> 00:24:25,510 LIFE ON THEM. 374 00:24:25,510 --> 00:24:34,270 IT'S A TEST THAT WE HOPE TO USE 375 00:24:34,270 --> 00:24:39,450 IN THE SEARCH FOR SCIENCE AND LIQUID WATER. 376 00:24:39,450 --> 00:24:45,700 IT'S SOMETHING THAT IS FAMILIAR TO YOU IF YOU SAT ON THE BEACH 377 00:24:45,700 --> 00:24:46,920 FOR A SUN RISE OR SUN SET. 378 00:24:46,920 --> 00:24:49,472 YOU KNOW THE LIGHT THAT CONNECTS YOU AND THE STAR. 379 00:24:49,472 --> 00:24:51,890 THAT'S IT. 380 00:24:51,890 --> 00:24:55,860 ON A LARGER SCALE, IF YOU LOOK AT THE EARTH AS A GLOBE, YOU 381 00:24:55,860 --> 00:24:58,640 ALSO SEEN IT ON THE EARTH AND IN THAT CASE IT LOOKS A LITTLE BIT 382 00:24:58,640 --> 00:25:02,770 MORE LIKE YOU PUSHED IT NEAR THE WINDOW AND SEEING THE REFLECTION 383 00:25:02,770 --> 00:25:04,930 ON THE WINDOW. 384 00:25:04,930 --> 00:25:18,110 THAT CAME FROM THE OCEAN ON THAT BALL THAT'S ON EARTH†-- WHEN 385 00:25:18,110 --> 00:25:25,330 IT'S NEAR THE PRESENT PHASE. 386 00:25:25,330 --> 00:25:29,740 COMPARING THE BRIGHTNESS IT AFFECTS IF IT'S WORKING. 387 00:25:29,740 --> 00:25:34,050 WE PREDICTED THIS AND HAD SOME DATA THAT SHOWED THE FULL EERLTH 388 00:25:34,050 --> 00:25:38,650 AND WE DID NOT HAVE IT TO BE ABLE TO VOLUME DATE THE 389 00:25:38,650 --> 00:25:54,620 TECHNIQUE YOU MAY REMEMBER AND IT'S A SPECTACULAR AND THE 390 00:25:54,620 --> 00:25:57,550 EARTH AND THE MOON AND THIS IS ONE OF 391 00:25:57,550 --> 00:25:58,970 THEM UP HERE. 392 00:25:58,970 --> 00:26:02,540 I THINK THAT IT'S INTERESTING BECAUSE BRITTNEY IS SO EXCITING 393 00:26:02,540 --> 00:26:05,760 OF THE IMAGES AND I AM SO EXCITED ABOUT THE BLURRY IMAGE 394 00:26:05,760 --> 00:26:07,330 OF THE EARTH. 395 00:26:07,330 --> 00:26:10,651 YOU CAN IMAGINE THAT THIS IS A DISTANT EARTH AND SOMETHING THAT 396 00:26:10,651 --> 00:26:13,860 WE'RE TRYING TO DISCOVER AND UNDERSTAND. 397 00:26:13,860 --> 00:26:21,231 YOU CAN SEE THERE'S A BALL IN THERE THAT'S FROM THE OCEAN, SO 398 00:26:21,231 --> 00:26:25,780 YOU'RE ACTUALLY DETECTING THE OCEAN BY LOOKING AT THAT IMAGE. 399 00:26:25,780 --> 00:26:28,460 SO BY COMPARING THE MODELS AND THAT DATA, WE WERE ABLE TO 400 00:26:28,460 --> 00:26:30,820 CONFIRM THAT THE MODELS ARE ACCURATE. 401 00:26:30,820 --> 00:26:40,540 WE HAVE MORE CONFIDENCE ON THE SIGNALS THAT WE CAN PREDICT. 402 00:26:40,540 --> 00:26:43,340 THE OTHER AREA OF RESEARCH THAT I WOULD LIKE TO HIGHLIGHT FROM 403 00:26:43,340 --> 00:26:46,740 MY TEAM IS THE LABORATORY AND THAT'S IN THE AREA OF LOOKING AT 404 00:26:46,740 --> 00:26:48,630 THE OXYGEN AND THE BIO SIGNATURE. 405 00:26:48,630 --> 00:26:53,850 YOU HAVE HEARD THAT WE HAVE IT IN THE ATMOSPHERE BECAUSE OF THE 406 00:26:53,850 --> 00:26:55,100 PHOTO SYNTHETIC. 407 00:26:55,100 --> 00:27:01,130 LOTS OF MICROS OVER THE YEARS AND MORE RESENT VEGETATION HAVE 408 00:27:01,130 --> 00:27:05,680 WORKED TO BUILD UP A LARGE FRACTURE JUST OVER 20†PERCENT. 409 00:27:05,680 --> 00:27:09,350 WE LIKE THAT BECAUSE IT'S A LARGE CHANGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT 410 00:27:09,350 --> 00:27:12,750 AND SOMETHING THAT WE'RE LOOKING FOR IN A VERY DISTANT WORLD. 411 00:27:12,750 --> 00:27:15,510 WE NEED A LARGE CHANGE WHEN WE ARE KE TEKTED. 412 00:27:15,510 --> 00:27:21,390 WE ARE CONFIDENT AND WE COULD NOT THINK OF A WAY IN THE 413 00:27:21,390 --> 00:27:24,170 ATMOSPHERE MY NAME THE LAST YEAR OR SO HAS COME UP WITH FOUR 414 00:27:24,170 --> 00:27:29,290 SEPARATE WAYS IN THAT A PLANET IS REACTING WITH THE STAR OR 415 00:27:29,290 --> 00:27:34,940 BASED ON THE COMPOSITION MAYBE ABLE TO BUILD UP. 416 00:27:34,940 --> 00:27:38,250 THESE TECHNIQUES INVOLVE A WAY THAT THE RADIATION FROM THE 417 00:27:38,250 --> 00:27:45,190 START AND THE ATMOSPHERE OR EVEN THE LOSS OF AN OCEAN AND WATER 418 00:27:45,190 --> 00:27:49,350 EARLY ON IN THE PLANETS LIFE THAT BUILDS UP. 419 00:27:49,350 --> 00:27:58,360 THIS IS RESEARCH BEING LEAD BY PETER AND BY GOLDMAN. 420 00:27:58,360 --> 00:28:00,650 SO WHAT IS INTERESTING ABOUT THIS IS THAT YOU MAY THINK THAT 421 00:28:00,650 --> 00:28:09,610 I AM DEPRESSED ABOUT THIS NEWS, BUT I AM EXCITED. 422 00:28:09,610 --> 00:28:14,400 THIS KNOWLEDGE THAT I WOULD LIKE TO SAY FORWARNED AND NOW WE KNOW 423 00:28:14,400 --> 00:28:18,520 IN PARTICULAR WHICH TARGETS WE CAN PICK THAT WILL HELP US AVOID 424 00:28:18,520 --> 00:28:23,130 THE POTENTIAL THINGS IN LIFE AND WHAT OTHER THING IN THE SPECTRUM 425 00:28:23,130 --> 00:28:26,660 WE SHOULD LOOK FOR THAT MIGHT IN FACT HELP US FIGURE OUT WHAT IS 426 00:28:26,660 --> 00:28:27,660 GOING ON. 427 00:28:27,660 --> 00:28:31,290 FOR THIS DIAGRAM HERE IT IS SHOWING THAT IT'S NOT ENOUGH TO 428 00:28:31,290 --> 00:28:33,620 DETECT THE OXYGEN. 429 00:28:33,620 --> 00:28:36,850 NOW WE KNOW THAT WE HAVE TO GO AFTER OTHER GASES AND IF WE 430 00:28:36,850 --> 00:28:44,260 CEASER BONN THAT DECREASING THAT IT COMES TO LIFE. 431 00:28:44,260 --> 00:28:47,740 NOW WE'RE GOING TO A POINT WHERE WE CAN START TO FIGURE OUT 432 00:28:47,740 --> 00:28:50,580 EXACTLY WHAT MEASUREMENTS WE WANT TO MAKE WHEN WE HAVE THE 433 00:28:50,580 --> 00:28:52,280 LARGE TELESCOPES. 434 00:28:52,280 --> 00:28:57,000 AND SO JUST SUMMING UP I THINK THAT WHAT YOU HAVE SEEN HER 435 00:28:57,000 --> 00:29:01,470 TODAY AND THE WORK OF ALEX SIS AND BRITTNEY AND MY TEAM AS WELL 436 00:29:01,470 --> 00:29:04,720 IS THAT WE'RE COMBINING KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERTISE FROM 437 00:29:04,720 --> 00:29:14,920 MANY LOCATIONS AND BRINGING IT TOGETHER AND THAT'S THE CORE TO 438 00:29:14,920 --> 00:29:16,940 BRING ALL OF THE SYSTEMS TOGETHER AND WORK TOGETHER TO 439 00:29:16,940 --> 00:29:20,419 ADDRESS THE SYSTEM OF THE SEARCH FOR LIFE BEYOND EARTH. 440 00:29:20,419 --> 00:29:24,660 >> THANK YOU FOR THAT TERRIFIC SUMMATION OF WHAT WE'RE DOING 441 00:29:24,660 --> 00:29:25,790 HERE. 442 00:29:25,790 --> 00:29:27,410 THANK YOU FOR THE REMARKS. 443 00:29:27,410 --> 00:29:32,160 I AM GOING TO START WITH THE QUESTIONS FROM THE MEDIA IN THE 444 00:29:32,160 --> 00:29:37,230 AUDIENCE, AND THEN WE WILL GO TO QUESTION IN THE E-MAIL FOR THOSE 445 00:29:37,230 --> 00:29:38,950 PARTICIPATING VIA E-MAIL. 446 00:29:38,950 --> 00:29:42,200 WE RECEIVED A FIRST ONE YESTERDAY, AND THAT'S GOING COME 447 00:29:42,200 --> 00:29:49,250 UP IN THE Q. WE WILL USE THE MIC IN THE BACK 448 00:29:49,250 --> 00:29:53,620 TO READ THE QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY E-MAIL, BUT WE WILL START 449 00:29:53,620 --> 00:29:54,620 HERE. 450 00:29:54,620 --> 00:29:58,370 I WOULD ASK MY COLLEAGUE IN THE ASTRO BIOLOGY COMMUNITY TO SAVE 451 00:29:58,370 --> 00:30:02,190 THE QUESTIONS FROM THE COLLEAGUES FOR AFTER THE PRESS 452 00:30:02,190 --> 00:30:04,090 CONFERENCE. 453 00:30:04,090 --> 00:30:10,770 ARE THEIR QUESTIONS FROM THE AUDIENCE? 454 00:30:10,770 --> 00:30:13,060 >> YES, FIELD WITH SPACE.COM. 455 00:30:13,060 --> 00:30:17,470 I THINK IN THE PAST COUPLE OF MONTHS AS THE MISSION IS GETTING 456 00:30:17,470 --> 00:30:22,070 GOING, THERE ARE SOME INFORMED PEOPLE MAKING BIG PREDICTIONS ON 457 00:30:22,070 --> 00:30:23,670 WHEN WE MIGHT FIND SCIENCE OF LIFE. 458 00:30:23,670 --> 00:30:29,690 I THINK THAT'S MULTIDECADES AWAY, SO CAN YOU TALK ABOUT MORE 459 00:30:29,690 --> 00:30:33,210 REALISTIC GOALS THAT YOU'RE HOPE TO GO ACHIEVE EVEN IN THE NEXT 460 00:30:33,210 --> 00:30:40,450 DECADE OR THINGS THAT WE CAN LOOK FORWARD TO ON A SMALLER 461 00:30:40,450 --> 00:30:42,169 TIME SCALE? 462 00:30:42,169 --> 00:30:48,950 >> I WILL TAKE A START AT THAT AND THAT'S AGAIN STAYING ON THE 463 00:30:48,950 --> 00:30:53,060 EARTH SYSTEM FOR A MOMENT BEFORE GOING BEYOND IS THAT THERE'S A 464 00:30:53,060 --> 00:30:59,060 HUGE AMOUNT OF ACTIVE FOR DRILLING TO LOOK FOR SIGNS OF 465 00:30:59,060 --> 00:31:03,090 LIFE AND TO DEMONSTRATE ACTIVITY IN THE SYSTEMS THAT WE THINK DO 466 00:31:03,090 --> 00:31:06,400 HAVE GREAT RELEVANCE WITHIN THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 467 00:31:06,400 --> 00:31:11,400 I THINK THAT THEY'RE†-- THIS WILL BE AN EXCELLENT CONNECTION 468 00:31:11,400 --> 00:31:14,740 TO WHAT ARE SOME OF THE TARGETS WITHIN THE MISSIONS FOR THE 469 00:31:14,740 --> 00:31:15,850 SEARCH FOR LIFE. 470 00:31:15,850 --> 00:31:20,510 AS WE VALIDATE AT THE MOMENT, THAT WILL CONNECT WELL. 471 00:31:20,510 --> 00:31:23,900 >> I WAS GOING TO COMMENT THAT ONE OF THE THEMES OF THE 472 00:31:23,900 --> 00:31:27,140 CONFERENCE THIS HERE IS HABIT. 473 00:31:27,140 --> 00:31:31,570 THIS IS WHAT YOU DO. 474 00:31:31,570 --> 00:31:33,910 YOU GO AND EXPLORE AND GET THE ANSWERS AND GET THE BASIC 475 00:31:33,910 --> 00:31:36,441 INFORMATION THAT YOU NEED TO MAKE THE HYPOTHESIS. 476 00:31:36,441 --> 00:31:37,490 WE HAVE THEM NOW. 477 00:31:37,490 --> 00:31:42,470 WHAT WE'RE TRYING TO DO NOW IS ADVANCE IT OF THE SYSTEM. 478 00:31:42,470 --> 00:31:46,070 THE WHOLE PLANET AND NOT JUST AN INDIVIDUAL TERRAIN OR ONE PART 479 00:31:46,070 --> 00:31:47,770 OF THE SYSTEM, BUT EVERYTHING. 480 00:31:47,770 --> 00:31:51,980 HOW IT CYCLES AND COUPLES AND HOW THEY'RE ACTIVE. 481 00:31:51,980 --> 00:31:59,260 SO THERE'S A ENERGY AND THERE'S KIND OF A GRAPHIC THAT YOU CAN 482 00:31:59,260 --> 00:32:04,080 LOOK FOR THAT SHOWS THE THREE PILL ERS THAT ARE THE FOCUS OF 483 00:32:04,080 --> 00:32:05,310 THE MISSION. 484 00:32:05,310 --> 00:32:07,910 ONE IS WATER AND ONE IS CHEMISTRY AND ONE IS ENERGY. 485 00:32:07,910 --> 00:32:13,130 THOSE ARE THE THINGS THAT WE THINK ABOUT THAT WE CAN QUANTIFY 486 00:32:13,130 --> 00:32:16,650 HOW MUCH CHEMICALS OF WHAT KIND ARE ON THE SURFACE. 487 00:32:16,650 --> 00:32:18,470 HOW DOES THE ICE SHELLS RECIRCULATE. 488 00:32:18,470 --> 00:32:22,039 IS IT BRIDGING IT UP OR DOWN. 489 00:32:22,039 --> 00:32:26,510 WE HAVE TO FIND CHEMICALS AND FIND A RADAR TO FIND ACTIVITY IN 490 00:32:26,510 --> 00:32:27,510 THE ICE SHELLS. 491 00:32:27,510 --> 00:32:38,060 WE HAVE A MAGNETIC FIELD TO TRY 492 00:32:38,060 --> 00:32:41,700 TO DETECT MORE DETAILED INFORMATION ABOUT THE OCEAN. 493 00:32:41,700 --> 00:32:46,510 SO TO ME THE NEXT MILESTONE IS TO CONNECT THOSE THINGS AND SEE 494 00:32:46,510 --> 00:32:50,200 NOW THAT WE KNOW THE THINGS OF THE SYSTEM AND THE PLANET 495 00:32:50,200 --> 00:32:53,780 ITSELF, WHERE DO WE GO THAT'S THE PERFECT PLACE TO ASK THE 496 00:32:53,780 --> 00:32:55,120 NEXT QUESTIONS. 497 00:32:55,120 --> 00:33:04,090 IS IT THERE? 498 00:33:04,090 --> 00:33:08,260 >> IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM WE HAVE A LOT GOING ON AND IT'S BEYOND THE 499 00:33:08,260 --> 00:33:12,330 SOLAR SYSTEM AND 2017 WE'RE GOING TO LAUNCH THE SURVEY 500 00:33:12,330 --> 00:33:18,530 SATELLITE AND IT'S GOING TO IDENTIFY THE PLANETS WHERE THE 501 00:33:18,530 --> 00:33:25,740 PLANETS BLOCKS THE SUNLIGHT. 502 00:33:25,740 --> 00:33:27,300 IT'S GOING TO LOOK AT ALL OF THE NEAREST NEIGHBORS. 503 00:33:27,300 --> 00:33:31,150 WE'RE GOING TO FIND OUT WHERE THE NEAREST PLANETS ARE AROUND 504 00:33:31,150 --> 00:33:35,890 OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM AND TO LOOK FOR ROCKY PLANETS. 505 00:33:35,890 --> 00:33:39,770 WE'RE GOING TO HAVE A CATALOG BECAUSE THEY'RE AROUND THE 506 00:33:39,770 --> 00:33:45,809 NEAREST STARS AND CLOSE AND ALLOW US TO DO A BETTER JOB OF 507 00:33:45,809 --> 00:33:52,530 LOOKING AT THE ATMOSPHERES OR WITH THE JAMES TELL COPE AND 508 00:33:52,530 --> 00:33:59,130 DIRECT IMAGES THAT MAY ALLOW US TO GET A SPECTRUM AND THEN 2018 509 00:33:59,130 --> 00:34:04,160 OCTOBER WE'RE GOING TO LAUNCH THE JAMES WEB SPACE TELESCOPE. 510 00:34:04,160 --> 00:34:07,790 THAT'S A WONDERFUL TELESCOPE AND IF WE WANTED TO DESIGN AN 511 00:34:07,790 --> 00:34:14,839 EXPLORER IN THE INFER RED, WE WOULD DESIGN THAT EVEN WHEN IT 512 00:34:14,839 --> 00:34:17,419 WAS CONCEIVED. 513 00:34:17,419 --> 00:34:22,869 IT WAS THEN DEVOTED TO EIGHT SO THE JAMES WEB SPACE TELESCOPE IS 514 00:34:22,869 --> 00:34:30,839 GOING TO BE ABLE TO STUDY AND THAT'S MANY AND HOPEFULLY LOOK 515 00:34:30,839 --> 00:34:35,700 AND SEE FOR WATER VAPORS AND CARBON DIOXIDE AND ALLOW US TO 516 00:34:35,700 --> 00:34:39,899 START DECOMPOSING IT. 517 00:34:39,899 --> 00:34:43,269 OF COURSE MARS 2020 FOLLOWS THAT BY JUST A COUPLE OF YEARS AND 518 00:34:43,269 --> 00:34:45,230 THAT'S AN ASTRO BIOLOGY EXPLORER. 519 00:34:45,230 --> 00:34:54,899 IT'S WONDERFUL AND GOING TO TAKE CORE SAMPLES IN RELEVANT CONTENT 520 00:34:54,899 --> 00:35:00,009 TO TRY AND FIND SPOTS THAT LIKE THE CURIOSITY ARE PLACES THAT WE 521 00:35:00,009 --> 00:35:02,220 KNOW ARE HABITABLE. 522 00:35:02,220 --> 00:35:10,540 THEN TO SEE WHETHER MARS WAS ONCE THERE AND HAD ANCIENT LIFE. 523 00:35:10,540 --> 00:35:13,960 CERTAINLY THE MISSION AND WE WANT TO GET STARTED. 524 00:35:13,960 --> 00:35:16,349 WE'RE GETTING STARTED WITH THE MISSION AND WE LAUNCH AS SOON AS 525 00:35:16,349 --> 00:35:19,910 WE CAN AND WE'RE NOT DONE YET. 526 00:35:19,910 --> 00:35:25,279 WE WANT TO ADD CAPABILITIES TO THE OVERALL MISSION TO TRY TO 527 00:35:25,279 --> 00:35:29,880 ANSWER THE QUESTIONS IS THERE LIFE EVEN BEFORE THAT 2016 WE 528 00:35:29,880 --> 00:35:35,190 LAUNCH THE REX MISSION AND THAT'S GOING GO OUT TO A 500 529 00:35:35,190 --> 00:35:41,780 METER ASTRO AND THAT'S GOING TO GO DOWN TO A FINE SCALE AND 530 00:35:41,780 --> 00:35:49,569 MINERALS AND IMAGES AND THEN DO A QUICK TOUCH AND GO AND GRAB 531 00:35:49,569 --> 00:35:53,369 SAMPLES AND MOTOR THAT BACK TO EARTH. 532 00:35:53,369 --> 00:35:56,690 WE KNOW THERE'S A LOT MORE COMPOUNDS THAT WE WANT TO STUDY 533 00:35:56,690 --> 00:35:59,170 IN DETAIL ON EARTH. 534 00:35:59,170 --> 00:36:08,760 TO ANSWER ONE OF THE QUESTIONS OR GIVE US LEVERAGE GAVE US THE 535 00:36:08,760 --> 00:36:10,970 ORGANIC. 536 00:36:10,970 --> 00:36:15,200 THAT'S JUST SOME OF THE MISSIONS THAT ARE MORE MERE TERM, BUT I 537 00:36:15,200 --> 00:36:25,430 CONSIDER IT BEING LAUNCHED IN 2020 NEAR TERM AS WELL. 538 00:36:25,430 --> 00:36:31,490 >> IN THE SEARCH FOR LIFE WE'RE 539 00:36:31,490 --> 00:36:37,650 GOING GET THE TARGET. 540 00:36:37,650 --> 00:36:42,910 FOR HABIT PLANETS IT'S GOING TO BE CHALLENGING, BUT WE'RE GOING 541 00:36:42,910 --> 00:36:44,190 TRY ANY WAY. 542 00:36:44,190 --> 00:36:50,690 ONE OF MY TEAMS IS LOOKING FOR OXYGEN, AND WE HAVE DONE 543 00:36:50,690 --> 00:36:54,920 RESEARCH ON THE OXYGEN AND THAT'S WHEN TWO MOLECULES THAT 544 00:36:54,920 --> 00:36:59,460 HAVE PASS IN THE NIGHT AND FORM AN O 4 MOLECULE. 545 00:36:59,460 --> 00:37:04,509 THAT KIND TYPE OF STUFF FROM THAT MOLECULE MIGHT BE SOMETHING 546 00:37:04,509 --> 00:37:07,759 THAT WE CAN GO AFTER, BUT IT'S A REALLY LONG T SHOT. 547 00:37:07,759 --> 00:37:13,509 WE HAVE TO HAVE THE RIGHT TARGET AND OBSERVE EVERYTHING TO DO 548 00:37:13,509 --> 00:37:14,509 THAT TART. 549 00:37:14,509 --> 00:37:18,450 I THINK JWC HAS THE FIRST CHANCE TO START. 550 00:37:18,450 --> 00:37:21,630 I WOULD NOT HOLD THE BREATH THAT IT'S SUCCESSFUL. 551 00:37:21,630 --> 00:37:23,319 >> THANK YOU. 552 00:37:23,319 --> 00:37:28,989 >> ANY OTHER QUESTIONS FROM THE MEDIA IN TAUD YENS. 553 00:37:28,989 --> 00:37:35,510 >> ANYTHING THAT WE CANNOT ADDRESS BY 45, WE CAN WILL 554 00:37:35,510 --> 00:37:42,609 ADDRESS THEM SOMETIME AFTER 555 00:37:42,609 --> 00:37:43,940 THAT. 556 00:37:43,940 --> 00:37:46,920 I AM GOING TO READ THE FIRST QUESTION WE RECEIVED BY E-MAIL 557 00:37:46,920 --> 00:37:53,339 YESTERDAY FROM KEITH COWING AND THE DIRECTED TO DR. 558 00:37:53,339 --> 00:37:54,680 RUMSFELD. 559 00:37:54,680 --> 00:38:01,400 GIVEN THE SIMILARITIES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON 560 00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:06,509 PRESENT DAY EARTH AND LIFE CAN BE FOUND, WHY HAS NASA NOT SENT 561 00:38:06,509 --> 00:38:15,789 TO SURFACE OF MARS TO LOOK FOR THE EVIDENCE OF LIFE. 562 00:38:15,789 --> 00:38:36,450 >> AND THE AVIATION AND THE FIELD THAT'S GONE AND SO THE 563 00:38:36,450 --> 00:38:43,710 THERE ARE PLACES TO GO AND PUT ON THAT ARE INTERESTING FOR THE 564 00:38:43,710 --> 00:38:48,049 LIFE WHERE THERE'S CURRENT SURFACE WATER FOR INSTANCE IN 565 00:38:48,049 --> 00:38:53,970 PLACES WHERE THERE'S CURRENTLY AND THE MARGINS AND THERE'S SUB 566 00:38:53,970 --> 00:39:05,849 SURFACE WATER AND GLACIERS AND WORKPLACES AND THOSE ARE THE 567 00:39:05,849 --> 00:39:10,980 LIKELY PLACES THAT WE WILL SEE THE EVIDENCE OF THE LIFE THERE. 568 00:39:10,980 --> 00:39:15,680 THOSE ARE ONE CHALLENGING PLACES TO GET TO. 569 00:39:15,680 --> 00:39:18,539 WE DO NOT QUIT HAVE THE TECHNOLOGY TO DO THAT YET. 570 00:39:18,539 --> 00:39:22,200 ALSO THE BELIEF THAT IF THERE'S LIFE, IT'S PROBABLY HAS TO BE 571 00:39:22,200 --> 00:39:23,529 SUB SURFACE. 572 00:39:23,529 --> 00:39:30,359 EVEN THE PRESERVATION AND IF IT'S OBSERVED, WE BELIEVE THAT 573 00:39:30,359 --> 00:39:36,180 THE RADIATION AND THE COMBINATION IS PROBABLY BROKEN 574 00:39:36,180 --> 00:39:40,009 UP THE ORGANICS, BUT EVEN THEN THAT'S NOT DETECTABLE. 575 00:39:40,009 --> 00:39:43,089 IF THERE'S ANCIENT LIFE AND THEY WERE PRESERVED. 576 00:39:43,089 --> 00:39:44,809 IT'S A CHALLENGE ENVIRONMENT. 577 00:39:44,809 --> 00:40:05,270 AS WE GET MORE CAPABLE IT WILL HAVE A DEEP ER DRILL THAN WE 578 00:40:05,270 --> 00:40:06,339 HAVE EVER SEEN. 579 00:40:06,339 --> 00:40:12,970 NOW, THEY DID SEE A SIGNAL WHEN DRIVING ALONG AND MANY TIMES 580 00:40:12,970 --> 00:40:17,500 OVER THE BACKGROUND COULD BE ABOTIC OR BIOTIC. 581 00:40:17,500 --> 00:40:24,619 I THINK THAT WE'RE GOING TO LOOK AT WHAT KIND OF MISSIONS COULD 582 00:40:24,619 --> 00:40:26,289 DETECT LIFE. 583 00:40:26,289 --> 00:40:30,049 THAT'S ONE OF THE GREAT THEMES OF THIS CONFERENCE. 584 00:40:30,049 --> 00:40:34,710 WHAT WOULD THAT LOOK LIKE BECAUSE WE CANNOT ASSUME IT WILL 585 00:40:34,710 --> 00:40:35,710 BE LIFE. 586 00:40:35,710 --> 00:40:41,369 A FRIEND OR SEQUENCE MAY FAIL FREQUENTLY EVEN IF EXTENDED. 587 00:40:41,369 --> 00:40:45,170 >> LESLEY, DO WE HAVE A QUESTION FROM E-MAIL? 588 00:40:45,170 --> 00:40:46,170 NO QUESTIONS. 589 00:40:46,170 --> 00:40:47,829 WE HAVE ANOTHER QUESTION IN AUDIENCE. 590 00:40:47,829 --> 00:40:52,130 >> JOHN, I AM HERE WITH NASA SOCIAL AND SOMEONE WANTS TO KNOW 591 00:40:52,130 --> 00:40:59,309 AND THEY'RE TALKING ABOUT THE BRIGHT SPOTS BUT WANT TO KNOW IF 592 00:40:59,309 --> 00:41:03,549 THERE'S ANY POS KT OF ICE OR COMPOUNDS OR MINERALS AND THE 593 00:41:03,549 --> 00:41:05,859 SERIES ON THAT. 594 00:41:05,859 --> 00:41:09,010 >> WELL, IT'S ONGOING. 595 00:41:09,010 --> 00:41:13,869 WE HAVE JUST FINALLY REACHED WHAT WE HAVE THE OR BIT. 596 00:41:13,869 --> 00:41:18,180 WE HAVE SEVERAL PHASES OF MAPPING OR BITS WITH DAWN. 597 00:41:18,180 --> 00:41:20,579 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT'S INTERESTING IS THE CAMERAS THAT 598 00:41:20,579 --> 00:41:26,680 WE HAVE AND WE TOLD THE NURSE TO ZOOM IN. 599 00:41:26,680 --> 00:41:30,220 ON THE SPACE GRAPH, WE DO NOT HAVE IT SO THE RESOLUTION IS 600 00:41:30,220 --> 00:41:34,740 ABOVE THE SURFACE THAT WE'RE CURRENTLY FLYING AT. 601 00:41:34,740 --> 00:41:36,980 WE'RE IN THE FIRST OR BIT CALLED SURVEY. 602 00:41:36,980 --> 00:41:39,940 WE WILL GO DOWN AND THEN HIGH AND LOW. 603 00:41:39,940 --> 00:41:44,599 THE ANSWER TO THE QUESTION IS WE DO NOT KNOW YET. 604 00:41:44,599 --> 00:41:47,020 IT'S A REALLY GOOD INDICATION THAT SOMETHING IS THERE. 605 00:41:47,020 --> 00:41:54,089 THERE WAS A TELESCOPE THAT THEY HAD THEM NEAR THEM. 606 00:41:54,089 --> 00:41:57,589 WE DO NOT HAVE A DIRECT OBSERVATION. 607 00:41:57,589 --> 00:41:59,001 THE SCIENCE TEAM IS WORKING HARD. 608 00:41:59,001 --> 00:42:00,001 THIS IS NEW DATA. 609 00:42:00,001 --> 00:42:02,160 THIS IS OTHER THING. 610 00:42:02,160 --> 00:42:05,369 IT TAKES A WHILE TO GET THE DATA DOWN TO WORK ON IT. 611 00:42:05,369 --> 00:42:08,930 IT'S EXCITING BECAUSE IT'S SOMETHING THAT WE IMAGINED COULD 612 00:42:08,930 --> 00:42:14,920 BE THERE BUT NOT THE WAY THAT IT PRESENTS ITSELF. 613 00:42:14,920 --> 00:42:17,650 YOU PUT THESE FOR IT AND GET CLOSE. 614 00:42:17,650 --> 00:42:19,809 THERE'S ALWAYS SOMETHING DIFFERENT THAT THROWS A WRENCH 615 00:42:19,809 --> 00:42:21,380 INTO THE PLAN. 616 00:42:21,380 --> 00:42:27,990 IT'S CURRENTLY UNDER WORK AND THAT'S A COLLABORATION SEVERAL 617 00:42:27,990 --> 00:42:32,509 OF THEM ARE WORKING ON IT, AND IT'S ONE OF THE LEADING 618 00:42:32,509 --> 00:42:36,640 CANDIDATES FOR WHAT IS THERE AND PEOPLE HAVE TALKED A LOT ABOUT 619 00:42:36,640 --> 00:42:40,260 IT IN THE PAST AND PEOPLE TALK ABOUT HYDRATING MINERALS AND ICE 620 00:42:40,260 --> 00:42:42,869 AND THAT TYPE OF THING. 621 00:42:42,869 --> 00:42:45,470 I THINK THE ANSWER IS STAY TUNED. 622 00:42:45,470 --> 00:42:49,390 WE LIKE TO HAVE THOSE KIND OF RESULTS READY. 623 00:42:49,390 --> 00:42:51,071 >> THAT'S GOING TO BE THE LAST QUESTION. 624 00:42:51,071 --> 00:42:55,450 WE HAVE TO WRAP UP BECAUSE THEY HAVE TO COME BACK INTO THE ROOM 625 00:42:55,450 --> 00:42:58,970 TO CONTINUE THEIR WORK, AND I AM GOING ECHO DR. 626 00:42:58,970 --> 00:42:59,980 SMIT'S MESSAGE. 627 00:42:59,980 --> 00:43:00,990 STAY TUNED. 628 00:43:00,990 --> 00:43:03,140 THERE'S ALWAYS SOMETHING NEW GOING ON.